In turn, our research provides evidence for practical organizational applications such as the design and implementation of effective human resource development programs based on BPNS. Our findings contribute the new theoretical perspectives of differences in the relationship between BPNS at work and PWB by managerial level and senior executives' gender ("complemen-tarity effect"). The results have implications for theory and practice. This quantitative study (1) investigated the relationship between basic psychological need satisfaction (BPNS) at work and psychological well-being (PWB) in 142 senior executives as antecedent of their decision making and (2) compared the results to two other managerial level samples of 260 managers and 445 employees. Senior executives' decisions can have a substantial impact on their own lives, their families, their organizations' workers and employees, and society.
The purpose is to provide an overarching conceptual model that captures the key factors influencing income and happiness that requires greater clarity and precision in order to advance future scientific endeavors. In seeking to integrate this literature, we present a multilevel model of symbolic and functional views of income and SWB accounting for: (a) different levels of analysis (b) income expenditure/distribution and (c) the income generation context. On the other hand, a functional view of income (e.g., resource-buffer and a means for need fulfillment) proposes a stronger relation to SWB. A symbolic view of income (e.g., signaling status) proposes that income has little relation to SWB. However, addressing the question of whether income leads to happiness requires an explication of the underlying processes for how income may enhance or undermine happiness. There is robust evidence showing a substantial association between income and SWB. To advance research on income and subjective well-being (SWB), we review and synthesize the research on this topic.
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